By Wm. Troy Valos, Special Collections Librarian, 2021.

This page contains basic information about Native Americans who lived in the South Hampton Roads region (Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach).  There will also be references to sources from the 1500s and 1600s as they relate to this region's native population.   The source citation for the information is located at the bottom of the page.

Archaeological sites: (current city boundaries)

This list of site names is based on available reports and articles found in various publications. The names given for these sites may have since been renamed and/or given a control number by the state.

               Southside Hampton Roads (Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, Portsmouth, and Suffolk):

       Multiple locations 1 

               Chesapeake:

       Gum Swamp 2 – Predominately: Archaic Period; Minor: Paleo-Indian and Early Woodland Period   https://goo.gl/maps/jDcFRnQ3yRQ2

               Norfolk City:

        No references to date can be found mentioning a proper archaeological dig or survey in the city that found Native American artifacts.

               Norfolk County (potentially Norfolk City, Portsmouth, or Chesapeake):

  • Poplar Leaf 3 – Predominately: Archaic and Early Woodland Period; Minor: Middle and Late Woodland Period
  • Unidentified location 4 – surface pick up

               Portsmouth:

        44Pm7 – Western Branch of Elizabeth River  5 – Predominately: Paleo-Indian Period

              Suffolk (Nansemond County):

  • Dime Site – Chuckatuck area on Nansemond River 6 – Predominately: Paleo-Indian Period https://goo.gl/maps/AD7hjA5ognv
  • Crittenden Point Site – northern part of Suffolk 7 – Predominately: Late Archaic to Middle Woodland Period  https://goo.gl/maps/rpFNkABXeuA2
  • Jordan Site 8
  • Unidentified location – surface pick up 9

               Virginia Beach (Princess Anne County):

  • Long Creek Midden 10 – Predominately: Early to Late Woodland Period
  • Lynnhaven River Site 11 – Predominately: Archaic to Late Woodland Period
  • Stumpy Lake 12
  • Chesopean (Chesapeian) Site – within the neighborhood of Baylake Pines. 13  - Predominately: Archaic to Contact Period; Minor: Paleo-Indian Period   https://goo.gl/maps/mxNqQL8izkk
  • Adam Thoroughgood House 14 https://goo.gl/maps/3f7u9rtjPAP2
  • Quail Spring Site (also known as Ridge Site) 15 – Predominately: Early Woodland Period; Minor: Archaic, Middle Woodland, and Late Woodland Period
  • Unidentified location – surface pick up 16

     

Time Periods:

 There are several time periods of Native American inhabitation for Southside Hampton Roads.  

 

 

Paleolithic or Paleo-Indian Period

12,000 B.C. to about 8,000 B.C.

 

 

Archaic Period 17

 

   Early Archaic

8,000 B.C to about 5,000 B.C.

   Middle Archaic

5,000 B.C. to about 3,000 B.C.

   Late Archaic

3,000 B.C. to about 1,000 B.C.

 

 

Woodland Period

 

   Early Woodland

1,000 B.C. to about 300 B.C.

   Middle Woodland

300 B.C. to 1,000 A.D.

   Late Woodland

1,000 A.D. to 1585 A.D.

 

 

Contact Period

1585 A.D. to 1620s A.D.

 Source:  Hranicky, William Jack.  “Survey of the Prehistory of Virginia.”  Chesopiean, Volume 11, no. 4, August 1973. 76-94.

 

Artifacts:

A list of organizations and institutions that may or may not contain Native American artifacts from this region.

  • Chrysler Museum of Art (formerly Norfolk Museum of Arts and Science) - Several articles in the Chesopiean newsletter/journal mention artifacts were sent back to the museum for storage.   Current status of artifacts at the museum is unknown.
  • Norfolk Police Museum – The museum may be potentially holding some artifacts due to the museum being the first instance of a general Norfolk history museum.
  • Sargeant Memorial Collection, Norfolk Public Library - No artifacts are held by the collection. 

 

Documents, Records, Etc.:

This section contains known documents, records, etc. that specifically mention or pertain to this region’s Native American populace. 

            Norfolk County (now housed in Chesapeake Courthouse):

                  Deed from Indian King Yansapin to Nathan Batts, Book D (1656-1666), folio 293. 

 

Timeline of Events:

This section contains known interactions between Native Americans and English during the late 1500s and 1600s.  These events were found primarily in contemporary English writings and reports along with official records.

  •  Roanoke colonists heard about and probably even visited the Chesapeians during 1585 and 1586. 18
  • The only recorded skirmish between the Native Americans and English in Virginia Beach and Norfolk area was at Cape Henry on April 26, 1607.   Indians attacked the colonists while on the beach but were driven off. 19
  • April 1608 – English had an armed conflict with Native Americans near the Nansemond villages while Captain John Smith and party was visiting the tribe. 20
  • Captain John Smith and party explores the Nansemond and Elizabeth Rivers between August 31st and September 7th, 1608. 21
  • Fall 1653 to Spring 1654 – Native Americans from Northeastern NC came to Francis Yeardley’s home in Lynnhaven for business negotiations. 22

 

Local Tribes:

This section contains the names of the Native American tribes that inhabited the Southside Hampton Roads region. 

  • Chesapeians 23 – this Native American tribe lived between the Elizabeth River and the Virginia Beach Oceanfront.  The tribe probably extended into areas now considered southern Virginia Beach and Chesapeake.  This tribe had some of the earliest interactions with the English from Roanoke colony.  They were not aligned with Chief Powhatan and his expansive chiefdom.  Based on a prophetic reading by Indian shaman, Chief Powhatan attacked and destroyed the tribe.  It is unknown if the Chesapeians were killed outright or were taken prisoner and spread out among the other tribes.  This attack happened a year or so prior to the English landing at Cape Henry in 1607.
  • Machipungo (Machapunga) 24 – this Native American tribe lived in southern Virginia Beach.
  • Maroons 25 – ethnic group created by Native Americans and African Americans who escaped into the Great Dismal Swamp and formed communities within the swamp.  Time period 1600s to mid-1800s.
  • Weapemeoc 26 – chiefdom that lay between the Albemarle Sound and southern branch of Elizabeth River. 

 

Locations of Settlements, etc.: (based on current city boundaries)

This section contains the names of villages or mentions of Native American settlements and/or burial locations.

                 Norfolk City:

  • Ski-o-ack/Skicoac/Ski-co-ack (Chesapeians) – Unknown location.   It potentially runs from Sewell’s Point along the river coast of Norfolk to Downtown area.   It appears on the 1585 and 1590 maps that the village was located approximately around Lambert’s Point area. 27
  • Unnamed village 28 – approximate location is 2998-2900 Mclemore St (Ballentine Area)  https://goo.gl/maps/dFoMAe4tb322

Historian Edward Haile in conjunction with the Chesapeake Conservancy on the project Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, believes based on the writings of Captain John Smith that he and his party came down the southeastern branch of the Lafayette River towards the Ballentine area. 

  • “Indian Burial Mound” 29 - it was located on former W. L. Whitehurst farm.  It was located on the western shore of Little Creek.
  • Burial site at Pine Beach (Sewell’s Point – now Naval Station Norfolk) 30 - Reported in the Virginian-Pilot on April 13, 1905 that construction workers uncovered numerous graves while making improvements at the Pine Beach resort.   https://goo.gl/maps/vrD8Kkmx4BG2     

                 Suffolk:

  • Mattanock 31 – One of the villages of the Nansemond tribe in the early 1600s.
  • Nansemond 32 – Capital village of the Nansemond tribe in the early 1600s.
  • Teracosick 33 – One of the villages of the Nansemond tribe in the early 1600s.
  • Mantoughquemed 34 – One of the villages of the Nansemond tribe in the early 1600s.

                 Virginia Beach:

  • Apasus 35 – One of the villages of the Chesapeians in the late 1500s.
  • Chesepiooc 36 – One of the villages of the Chesapeians in the late 1500s.
  • Indian Settlement on Swepson Brooks farm, on eastern shore of Lynnhaven. 37
  • “Indian Burial Mount” at Baylake Pines Private School. 38

 

Place Names: (based on current city boundaries)

 

                 Chesapeake:

The history of its name is unknown.  One of the earliest confirmed map references to the creek’s name is an 1812 map of the area.  There are land patents from 1638 and 1651 that mention a creek called “Indian Creek” within Lower Norfolk County.  The 1638 grant doesn’t subdivide the Elizabeth River into branches as later land grants do with the river.   The 1638 reference for the Indian Creek could potentially refer to another creek on one of the other branches of the Elizabeth River.

                 Norfolk City:

                 Virginia Beach:

  • Pungo - local Indian tribe, the Machipungo, a branch of the Chesapeake tribe.  It was named for a local Indian chief, Machiopungo. 46

Primary Sources:

 

              Maps: 

  • White, John, Bry, Theodor de, and Harriot, Thomas.  Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta : primum ab Anglis inuenta, sumtibus Dn. Walteri Raleigh, Equestris ordinis Viri, Anno Dn̄i. MDLXXXV regni Vero Sereniss. nostræ Reginæ Elisabethæ XXVII, hujus vero Historia peculiari Libro descripta est, additis etiam Indigenarum Iconibus.  [Francofurtum ad Mænum] : De Brÿ, [1590] - [Library of Congress] https://www.loc.gov/item/78694920/

  • Smith, John, and Hole, William.  Virginia.  [London ; 1624] - [Library of Congress]  https://www.loc.gov/item/99446115/

  • Hondius, Hendrik. Nova Virginiae tabvla.  Amsterdam : ex officina Henrici Hondii, [1642?] - [Library of Congress] https://www.loc.gov/item/2017590615/

 

Secondary Sources:

This section contains a list of printed publications with a significant number of references or chapter(s) dedicated to Native Americans in south Hampton Roads region.

             Books:

  • Haile, Edward Wright. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony, the First Decade, 1607-1617. Champlain, Va: RoundHouse, 1998.
  • Parramore, Thomas C., Peter C. Stewart, and Tommy Bogger. Norfolk: The First Four Centuries.  Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.  13-25.

  • Quinn, David Beers (edt.). The Roanoke Voyages 1584-1590. Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America Under the Patent Granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584: The Roanoke. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1955. 2 Vols.

  • Rountree, Helen C. The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.

  • Rountree, Helen C. Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
  • Sayers, Daniel O. A Desolate Place for a Defiant People: The Archaeology of Maroons, Indigenous Americans, and Enslaved Laborers in the Great Dismal Swamp. 2015.
  • Stewart, William H. History of Norfolk County, Virginia and Representative Citizens, 1637-1900. Chicago: Biographical Pub. Co, 1902.  15-22, 30-33.
  •  Turner, Florence Kimberly. Gateway to the New World: A History of Princess Anne County, Virginia, 1607-1824. Easley, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, 1985.  3-17.
  • Whichard, Rogers Dey. The History of Lower Tidewater Virginia. New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co, 1959. Volume 1.  13-44.

 

              Periodicals (Newspapers, Journals, Newsletters, etc.):

“Mound in Lake Joyce, Believed Prehistoric, May Soon Be Opened,” Tidewater Trail (Norfolk, VA), Vol 5, no. 9, August 1, 1935, page 1.

 

Sources: 

1)     Painter, Floyd.  “The Dismal Swamp Projectile Point.” Chesopiean, Volume 1, no. 3, June 1963, 6-10.

         Traver, Jerome D. and James G. Pritchard.  “The Semi-Lunar Knife in Southeast Virginia.” Chesopiean, Volume 2, no. 4, August 1964, 66-67.

         Traver, Jerome D.  “More on Virginia Semi-Lunar Knives.” Chesopiean, Volume 2, no. 5, October 1964, 97.

         (Unknown).  “New Discoveries.” Chesopiean, Volume 2, no. 6, December 1964, 126.

 2)    Traver, Jerome D.  “The Inhabitants of Gum Swamp.” Chesopiean, Volume 1, no. 1, February 1963, 3.

          ________. “Gum Swamp Site, Part 2, Projectile Point Types.” Chesopiean, Volume 1, no. 3, June 1963, 3-4.

          ________. “Gum Swamp Site – Conclusion” Chesopiean, Volume 1, no. 4, August 1963, 4-5.

3)    Pritchard, James.  “The Poplar Leaf Site.” Chesopiean, Volume 2, no. 1, February 1964, 3-4.

        (Unknown).  “Bolas Weights.” Chesopiean, Volume 3, no. 2, April 1965, 32.

4)    (Unknown).  “Quartzite Spears.” Chesopiean, Volume 3, no. 2, April 1965, 37.

5)    Bottoms, Edward. “Clovis Man: First Citizen of Portsmouth, Virginia.” Chesopiean, Volume 25, no. 1, Winter 1987. 7-8.

6)    Bottoms, Edward. “The Dime Site.” Chesopiean, Volume 2, no. 6, December 1964, 145-148.

          ________. “A Gorget from the Dime Site.” Chesopiean, Volume 4, no. 3, June 1966, 84-85.

          ________. “The Paleo-Indian Component of the Dime Site City of Nansemond, Virginia” Chesopiean, Volume 12, no. 3, June 1974, 88-106.

          ________. “Additional Paleo-Indian Artifacts from The Dime Site, Suffolk, Virginia.” Chesopiean, Volume 32, no. 1, Winter 1985, 28-32.

          ________. “The Chuckatuck Projectile Point: A Late Paleo-Indian Type in Eastern Virginia and North Carolina.” Chesopiean, Volume 24, no. 2, Spring 1986, 17-19.

7)     Bottoms, Edward. “The Crittenden Point: A Stone Projectile Point in Southeastern Virginia.” Chesopiean, Volume 35, no. 4, Winter 1997, 24-25.

8)     (Unknown).  “(non-titled section).” Chesopiean, Volume 3, no. 1, February 1965, 6.

9)     Pritchard, James G.  “Two Types of Unusual Artifacts Found in Tidewater Virginia.” Chesopiean, Volume 1, no. 3, June 1963, 5.

10)   Painter, Floyd and Grayson Pearce.  “The Long Creek Midden, Part 1.” Chesopiean, Volume 4, no. 2, April 1966, 35-38.

          Pearce, Grayson.  “The Long Creek Midden, Part 2 – Micro-Tools.” Chesopiean, Volume 5, no. 1, February 1967, 19-21.

          Painter, Floyd.  “Geometrically Incised Decorations on Great Neck Ceramics, The Long Creek Midden, Part 3.” Chesopiean, Volume 5, no. 4, August 1967, 94-110.

          Pearce, Grayson.  “The Long Creek Midden, Part 4 – Clay Tobacco Pipes.” Chesopiean, Volume 6, no. 2, April 1968, 44-46.

          Painter, Floyd.  “The Long Creek Midden, Part 5 – A Busycon Shell Gouge.” Chesopiean, Volume 6, no. 3, June 1968, 57-61.

          Painter, Floyd and Grayson Pearce.  “A Decorated Stone Pipe with A Bone Stem, The Long Creek Midden, Part 6.” Chesopiean, Volume 6, no. 6, December 1968, 144-145.

          Painter, Floyd.  “An Engraved Hematite Pendant from Long Creek Midden.” Chesopiean, Volume 9, no. 4, August 1971, 63-64.

          Sawyer, Fred.  “A Platform Pipe from the Long Creek Midden.” Chesopiean, Volume 9, no. 4, August 1971, 63-64.

11)     Pritchard, James G.  “They Lynnhaven River Site.” Chesopiean, Volume 3, no. 1, February 1965, 7-9.

12)    (Unknown).  “Indian Era Find Noted at Project: Scientist Discovers Stone Tools on Job at Stumpy Lake.” Virginian-Pilot, July 2, 1955.

13)    Painter, Floyd E., “The Chesopean Site.” Quarterly Bulletin. Archaeological Society of Virginia. Volume 13, no. 3, March 1959, 2-6.

14)    Reprint articles in Chesopiean, Volume 36, no. 3-4, Summer 1998.

15)    Pritchard, James G.  “The Ridge Sites, “A”, “B”, and “C”. Chesopiean, Volume 1, no. 5, October 1963, 10-11.

           ________.  “Quail Sprint Paleo Occupation Site, Princess Anne County, Virginia.” Chesopiean, Volume 2, no. 3, June 1964, 60-61.

           McAvoy, J. M. “A Descriptive Study of Tools and Projectile Points of Two Early Hunter Camp Sites on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.” Chesopiean, Volume 6, no. 3, June 1968, 62-75.

16)    Pritchard, James G.  “Two Types of Unusual Artifacts Found in Tidewater Virginia.” Chesopiean, Volume 1, no. 3, June 1963, 5.

          (Unknown).  “Hand Axe from Princess Anne County Virginia.” Chesopiean, Volume 2, no. 1, February 1964, 4.

          (Unknown).  “(non-titled section).” Chesopiean, Volume 3, no. 1, February 1965, 6.

          (Unknown).  “Bolas Weights.” Chesopiean, Volume 3, no. 2, April 1965, 32.

17)     Painter, Floyd. “Two Terminal Archaic Cultures of Southeastern Virginia and Northeastern North Carolina.” Chesopiean, Volume 25, no. 3, Summer 1987, 20-34.

18)    Quinn, David Beers (edt.). The Roanoke Voyages 1584-1590. Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America Under the Patent Granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584: The Roanoke. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1955. 2 Vols.

19)    Haile, Edward Wright. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony, the First Decade, 1607-1617. Champlain, Va: RoundHouse, 1998, 90.

20)   Haile, Edward Wright. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony, the First Decade, 1607-1617. Champlain, Va: RoundHouse, 1998, 173-175.

21)     National Parks Service.  “Captain John Smith's Second Chesapeake Voyage: July 24 to September 7, 1608.” Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail https://www.nps.gov/cajo/learn/historyculture/second-voyage.htm | Haile, Edward Wright. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony, the First Decade, 1607-1617. Champlain, Va: RoundHouse, 1998.  275-277.

22)     Parramore, Thomas C., Peter C. Stewart, and Tommy Bogger. Norfolk: The First Four Centuries. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.  39-41.

23)     Quinn, David Beers (edt.). The Roanoke Voyages 1584-1590. Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America Under the Patent Granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584: The Roanoke. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1955. 2 Vols.

24)     Quinn, David Beers (edt.). The Roanoke Voyages 1584-1590. Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America Under the Patent Granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584: The Roanoke Voyages - Chapters VIII to XII, Appendices and Indeces. Vol. II. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1955. 870.

25)     Sayers, Daniel O. A Desolate Place for a Defiant People: The Archaeology of Maroons, Indigenous Americans, and Enslaved Laborers in the Great Dismal Swamp. 2015.

26)     Quinn, David Beers (edt.). The Roanoke Voyages 1584-1590. Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America Under the Patent Granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584: The Roanoke. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1955. 2 Vols.

27)     White, John, Theodor de Bry, and Thomas Harriot. Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta: primum ab Anglis inuenta, sumtibus Dn. Walteri Raleigh, Equestris ordinis Viri, Anno Dn̄i. MDLXXXV regni Vero Sereniss. nostræ Reginæ Elisabethæ XXVII, hujus vero Historia peculiari Libro descripta est, additis etiam Indigenarum Iconibus. [Francofurtum ad Mænum]: De Brÿ, 1590. (Map is housed at Library of Virginia.) | Quinn, David Beers (edt.). The Roanoke Voyages 1584-1590. Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America Under the Patent Granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584: The Roanoke Voyages - Chapters VIII to XII, Appendices and Indeces. Vol. II. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1955, 855-856.

28)    Haile, Edward Wright. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony, the First Decade, 1607-1617. Champlain, Va: RoundHouse, 1998, 275. | Original source:  pg 64-65 in Chapter 6 of Book 3 for Smith, John, Samuel L. M. Barlow, and James. The Generall Historie of Virginia, Nevv-England, and the Svmmer Iles: With the Names of the Adventurers, Planters, and Governours, from Their First Beginning, an ̊1584. to This Present 1624. VVith the Proceedings of Those Severall Colonies, and the Accidents That Befell Them in All Their Iourneyes and Discoveries. Also, the Maps and Descriptions of All Those Countries, Their Commodities, People, Government, Customes, and Religion yet Knowne. Divided into Sixe Bookes. London: Printed by I.D., and I.H., for Michael Sparkes, 1624.

29)    Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919). 

30)   (Unknown).  “Hundreds of Skeletons Dug Up.”  Virginian-Pilot, April 13, 1905, page 1.

31)      Smith, John, and William Symonds. A Map of Virginia: With a Description of the Covntrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion. At Oxford: Printed by Joseph Barnes, 1612.

32)     Smith, John, and William Symonds. A Map of Virginia: With a Description of the Covntrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion. At Oxford: Printed by Joseph Barnes, 1612.

33)     Smith, John, and William Symonds. A Map of Virginia: With a Description of the Covntrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion. At Oxford: Printed by Joseph Barnes, 1612.

34)     Smith, John, and William Symonds. A Map of Virginia: With a Description of the Covntrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion. At Oxford: Printed by Joseph Barnes, 1612.

35)     White, John, Theodor de Bry, and Thomas Harriot. Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta: primum ab Anglis inuenta, sumtibus Dn. Walteri Raleigh, Equestris ordinis Viri, Anno Dn̄i. MDLXXXV regni Vero Sereniss. nostræ Reginæ Elisabethæ XXVII, hujus vero Historia peculiari Libro descripta est, additis etiam Indigenarum Iconibus. [Francofurtum ad Mænum]: De Brÿ, 1590. (Map is housed at Library of Virginia.) | Quinn, David Beers (edt.). The Roanoke Voyages 1584-1590. Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America Under the Patent Granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584: The Roanoke Voyages - Chapters VIII to XII, Appendices and Indeces. Vol. II. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1955. 855.

36)     White, John, Theodor de Bry, and Thomas Harriot. Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta: primum ab Anglisinuenta, sumtibus Dn. Walteri Raleigh, Equestris ordinis Viri, Anno Dn̄i. MDLXXXV regni Vero Sereniss. nostræ Reginæ Elisabethæ XXVII, hujus vero Historia peculiari Libro descripta est, additis etiam Indigenarum Iconibus. [Francofurtum ad Mænum]: De Brÿ, 1590. (Map is housed at Library of Virginia.) | Quinn, David Beers (edt.). The Roanoke Voyages 1584-1590. Documents to Illustrate the English Voyages to North America Under the Patent Granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584: The Roanoke Voyages - Chapters VIII to XII, Appendices and Indeces. Vol. II. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1955. 854-855.

37)     Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919).

38)    (Unknown).  “New Discoveries: Indian Burials in Virginia Beach.”  Chesopiean, Volume 2, no. 4, August 1964, 67.

39)    Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919).  | (Potential reference) Land Grant for Robert Martyn (Martin), 250 acres, October 12, 1638 – Land Patent Book 1 - part 2, page 603. (Abstract in Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers; Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1800. Abstracted and Indexed by Nell Marion Nugent ... Introduction by Robert Armistead Stewart ... Patroness, Agnes Bernadine Sitterding. Richmond: Press of the Dietz Print. Co, 1934. Volume 1, 98.) | (Potential reference) Land Grant for Richard Whitehurst, 700 acres, November 22, 1651 – Land Patent Book 2, page 350.  (Abstract in Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers; Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1800. Abstracted and Indexed by Nell Marion Nugent ... Introduction by Robert Armistead Stewart ... Patroness, Agnes Bernadine Sitterding. Richmond: Press of the Dietz Print. Co, 1934. Volume 1, 222.) | (Potential reference) Land Grant for Samuell Rutland, 200 acres, (no date) – Land Patent Book 4, page 35 (55). (Abstract in Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers; Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1800. Abstracted and Indexed by Nell Marion Nugent ... Introduction by Robert Armistead Stewart ... Patroness, Agnes Bernadine Sitterding. Richmond: Press of the Dietz Print. Co, 1934. Volume 1, 332.) | (Potential reference) Land Grant for William Whitehurst, 1000 acres, November 6, 1665 – Land Patent Book 5, page 529 (648). (Abstract in Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers; Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1800. Abstracted and Indexed by Nell Marion Nugent ... Introduction by Robert Armistead Stewart ... Patroness, Agnes Bernadine Sitterding. Richmond: Press of the Dietz Print. Co, 1934. Volume 1, 564.) | Map of the Country Contiguous to Norfolk, (circa 1812), National Archives at College Park, MD, Record Group 77: Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1789-1999, National Archives Identifier: 7369113  https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7369113#.W0de77klZdg.link  | Map of the Country Contiguous to Norfolk, Part 2, (circa 1812), National Archives at College Park, MD, Record Group 77: Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1789-1999, National Archives Identifier: 17370586   https://catalog.archives.gov/id/17370586#.W0de70S-5tM.link

40)    Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919). 

41)    Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919). 

42)    Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919). 

43)    Berent, Irwin M. Norfolk, Virginia: Evolution of a City in Maps: 200 Years of Maps Compared Side by Side.  Norfolk, Va: Norfolk History Publishers, 2014. 177-178. | Plat sheet 260, Guaranty Title and Trust Company Records, MSS 0000-052, Sargeant Memorial Collection, Norfolk Public Library, Norfolk, Virginia. | Original source: Norfolk County, Virginia?.  Wemrock Lake, Map Book 1, page 12 ½. |  Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919). 

44)    Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919). | Norfolk County, Virginia.  Map Book 1, page 80.

45)    Sams, Conway Whittle.  Index to Map of Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. (s.n.: n.d., 1919).  

 

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